Methods, systems, and media for controlling audio of an HDMI audio system

ABSTRACT

Mechanisms for controlling an audio level of an HDMI audio system are provided, the mechanisms comprising: causing audio data to be presented by an HDMI audio system at a current system volume level; receiving a requested volume level from a second screen device; and controlling a system volume level by: (a) determining the current system volume level; (b) determining a change in volume based on a difference between the requested volume level and the current system volume level; (c) determining a direction in which to cause the system volume level to change; (d) sending a volume control message to the system using a consumer electronic control bus connected to the system indicating whether to increase or decrease the system volume level based on the determined direction of system volume change; and (e) repeating (a)-(d) until the current system volume level reaches a predetermined value.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/303,363, filed Jun. 12, 2014, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/834,518, filed Jun. 13, 2013, eachof which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosed subject matter relates to methods, systems, and media forcontrolling audio of an HDMI audio system.

BACKGROUND

In general, as shown in FIG. 1, a High-Definition Multimedia Interface(HDMI) source 102 (e.g., a source of audio and/or video data such as aset-top box, a digital media receiver, an optical media player, etc.)can use a unidirectional interface to transmit audio and/or video datato an HDMI sink 104 so that the audio and/or video data can bepresented. As also shown in FIG. 1, audio and/or video data can betransmitted over TMDS channels 106 from an HDMI transmitter 108 of HDMIsource 102 to an HDMI receiver 110 of HDMI sink 104, and a signal orsignals can be sent from HDMI sink 104 to HDMI source 102 over a hotplug detect (HPD) line 112 to indicate to HDMI source 102 that an HDMIconnection has been established between HDMI source 102 and HDMI sink104.

Certain HDMI sources can use a Consumer Electronic Control (CEC) line114 to communicate with an HDMI sink and/or one or more other HDMIsources connected in a network via a CEC bus. Messages sent on the CECbus using CEC line 114 can be addressed to a particular physical and/orlogical address of an HDMI device connected to the CEC bus (e.g., asdescribed below). Particular types of messages that comply with the HDMICEC standard can be sent over the CEC bus to a particular address (e.g.,a physical address and/or a logical address) or as a broadcast messageto all HDMI devices connected to the CEC bus. For example, messages tocontrol a system volume can be sent over the HDMI bus so that any HDMIdevice connected to the CEC bus can control the volume of the system.The volume controls specified by the HDMI standard include, for example,volume up, volume down, mute, and unmute.

However, the HDMI standard only allows for discrete volume control, suchas volume up or volume down, and does not include an instruction forsetting a system volume level to a specific level (e.g., as a percentageof the maximum volume).

Accordingly, it is desirable to provide methods, systems and media forcontrolling audio of an HDMI audio system.

SUMMARY

In accordance with various implementations of the disclosed subjectmatter, methods, systems, and media for controlling audio of an HDMIaudio system are provided.

In accordance with some implementations of the disclosed subject matter,methods for controlling audio of an HDMI audio system are provided, themethods comprising: causing audio data to be presented by an HDMI audiosystem at a current system volume level of the HDMI audio system;receiving a requested volume level from a second screen device; andcontrolling a system volume level of the HDMI audio system by: (a)determining the current system volume level of the HDMI audio system;(b) determining a change in volume based on a difference between therequested volume level and the current system volume level; (c)determining a direction in which to cause the system volume level tochange; (d) sending a volume control message to the HDMI audio systemusing a consumer electronic control bus connected to the HDMI audiosystem, wherein the volume control message indicates whether to increaseor decrease the system volume level based on the determined direction inwhich to cause the system volume to change; and (e) repeating (a)-(d)until the current system volume level reaches a predetermined value.

In accordance with some implementations of the disclosed subject matter,systems for controlling audio of an HDMI audio system are provided, thesystems comprising: a hardware processor that is programmed to: causeaudio data to be presented by an HDMI audio system at a current systemvolume level of the HDMI audio system; receive a requested volume levelfrom a second screen device; and control a system volume level of theHDMI audio system by: (a) determining the current system volume level ofthe HDMI audio system; (b) determining a change in volume based on adifference between the requested volume level and the current systemvolume level; (c) determining a direction in which to cause the systemvolume level to change; (d) sending a volume control message to the HDMIaudio system using a consumer electronic control bus connected to theHDMI audio system, wherein the volume control message indicates whetherto increase or decrease the system volume level based on the determineddirection in which to cause the system volume to change; and (e)repeating (a)-(d) until the current system volume level reaches apredetermined value.

In accordance with some implementations of the disclosed subject matter,non-transitory computer-readable media containing computer executableinstructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor toperform methods for controlling audio of an HDMI audio system areprovided, the methods comprising: causing audio data to be presented byan HDMI audio system at a current system volume level of the HDMI audiosystem; receiving a requested volume level from a second screen device;and controlling a system volume level of the HDMI audio system by: (a)determining the current system volume level of the HDMI audio system;(b) determining a change in volume based on a difference between therequested volume level and the current system volume level; (c)determining a direction in which to cause the system volume level tochange; (d) sending a volume control message to the HDMI audio systemusing a consumer electronic control bus connected to the HDMI audiosystem, wherein the volume control message indicates whether to increaseor decrease the system volume level based on the determined direction inwhich to cause the system volume to change; and (e) repeating (a)-(d)until the current system volume level reaches a predetermined value.

In accordance with some implementations of the disclosed subject matter,systems for controlling audio of an HDMI audio system are provided, thesystems comprising: means for causing audio data to be presented by anHDMI audio system at a current system volume level of the HDMI audiosystem; means for receiving a requested volume level from a secondscreen device; and means for controlling a system volume level of theHDMI audio system by: (a) determining the current system volume level ofthe HDMI audio system; (b) determining a change in volume based on adifference between the requested volume level and the current systemvolume level; (c) determining a direction in which to cause the systemvolume level to change; (d) sending a volume control message to the HDMIaudio system using a consumer electronic control bus connected to theHDMI audio system, wherein the volume control message indicates whetherto increase or decrease the system volume level based on the determineddirection in which to cause the system volume to change; and (e)repeating (a)-(d) until the current system volume level reaches apredetermined value.

In some implementations, the predetermined value is the requested volumelevel.

In some implementations, the predetermined value is a volume controlthreshold that is a predetermined amount greater than or less than aninitially determined current system volume.

In some implementations, the predetermined value is a value at which thecurrent system volume is determined to have crossed from one side of therequested volume level to the other side of the requested volume level.

In some implementations, the requested volume is received as apercentage of a maximum volume of the audio system.

In some implementations, the requested volume is received as apercentage change in the volume from the current volume level.

In some implementations, the systems further comprise means forestablishing a connection with a second screen device through which therequested volume is received from the second screen device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various objects, features, and advantages of the disclosed subjectmatter can be more fully appreciated with reference to the followingdetailed description of the disclosed subject matter when considered inconnection with the following drawings, in which like reference numeralsidentify like elements.

FIG. 1 shows an example of interconnections between an HDMI source andan HDMI sink in accordance with related art.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a system for controlling a volume level of anHDMI audio system using a second screen device in accordance with someimplementations of the disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 3 shows an example of logical addresses that can be assigned tovarious HDMI devices in accordance with some implementations of thedisclosed subject matter.

FIG. 4 shows an example of a process for controlling a volume level ofan HDMI audio system using a second screen device in accordance withsome implementations of the disclosed subject matter.

FIG. 5A shows an example of a second screen device presenting a volumeslider in accordance with some implementations of the disclosed subjectmatter.

FIG. 5B shows an example of a second screen device presenting a volumespinner in accordance with some implementations of the disclosed subjectmatter.

FIG. 6 shows an example of a schematic diagram of hardware in accordancewith some implementations of the disclosed subject matter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In accordance with various implementations, mechanisms (which caninclude methods, systems, and media) for controlling audio of an HDMIaudio system are provided.

In some implementations, mechanisms are provided for controlling avolume level of an HDMI audio system using a second screen device,wherein the volume level can be controlled using a user interfaceelement other than volume buttons (e.g., a volume up button, and avolume down button). For example, a volume slider can be provided usinga second screen device, and a current position of the slider can be usedto set a volume level of an HDMI system.

In some implementations, a volume level of an HDMI audio system can becontrolled using a second screen device by selecting a particular volumelevel, or a particular change in volume level using a user interface ofthe second screen device. In some implementations, a current systemvolume of the HDMI audio system can be determined by sending a requestfor the current system volume on the CEC bus.

In some implementations, a requested volume level can be determinedbased on an input received by a user interface of the second screendevice, and a change in volume level to be executed can be determinedbased on the difference between the requested system volume and thecurrent system volume. Additionally, this can include a direction ofvolume change (e.g., volume up or volume down) and an amount by which tochange the volume.

In some implementations, based on the difference between the requestedvolume and the current system volume, the mechanisms described hereincan send an instruction to change the volume in an appropriate direction(e.g., up or down) on the CEC bus, and can determine the system volumeagain after controlling the volume level of the system.

In some implementations, the mechanisms described herein can determinewhether the current system volume is at an appropriate level based ondetermining that a predetermined condition has been met, such asdetermining that the current volume is equal to the requested volume,determining that a threshold amount of change in the volume level hasoccurred since a request to change the system volume was received, orany other suitable condition.

In some implementations, if the condition has been met, the mechanismsdescribed herein can determine that the system volume is at anappropriate level, can cease changing the volume, and can wait toreceive a new command to change the volume level.

Turning to FIG. 2, an example 200 of a system for controlling a volumelevel of an HDMI audio system using a second screen device is shown inaccordance with some implementations of the disclosed subject matter. Insome implementations, system 200 can include multiple HDMI devices206-218 connected to a root device 202 using HDMI communication links.These multiple HDMI devices can be interconnected by a ConsumerElectronic Control (CEC) bus that allows two-way communication ofmessages between connected CEC-enabled HDMI devices. As shown in FIG. 2,audio and/or video data can be sent over the HDMI connections (solidlines in FIG. 2 interconnecting devices 202 and 206-218)uni-directionally, and CEC messages can be sent bi-directionally overthe same connections. In some implementations, root device 202 caninclude any suitable display 204 for presenting video data from one ormore of devices 206-218, and/or an amplifier and speaker(s) forpresenting audio data from one or more of device 206-218.

In some implementations, each HDMI device included in system 200 andconnected to the CEC bus can be assigned a physical address and/or alogical address. In some implementations, the physical address can bedefined by a path from the root device 202 to any particular HDMI deviceof the system. Additionally, the physical address can be definedhierarchically, such that the physical address of a particular HDMIdevice identifies all interconnections between root device 202 and thatparticular HDMI device. For example, root device 202 can take physicaladdress 0.0.0.0, which can define the device as the root device of theHDMI network. As another example, a first HDMI device connected to afirst HDMI connector of root device 202 (e.g., HDMI device 206) can takephysical address 1.0.0.0, indicating that such device is connecteddirectly to the first HDMI connector of root device 202. Similarly, asecond HDMI device connected to a second HDMI connector of root device202 can take physical address 2.0.0.0, indicating that such device isconnected directly to the second HDMI connector of root device 202. Asyet another example, a third HDMI device (e.g., HDMI device 208)connected to root device 202 via an intermediate HDMI device (e.g., HDMIdevice 206), can take a physical address 1.1.0.0, which can indicatethat the device is connected to root device 202 through HDMI device 206.

In some implementations, an HDMI device included in system 200 can beassigned a logical address in addition to a physical address. Suchlogical address can sometimes act as a unique identifier for the HDMIdevice (depending on the logical address, as described below), and canidentify functions that the HDMI device can perform. Additionally,multiple logical addresses can correspond to a single HDMI device insystem 200, if such a device is configured to perform multiple functionsand/or receive instructions to perform multiple functions. FIG. 3 showsan example 300 of logical addresses that can be assigned to various HDMIdevices based on the function(s) of the HDMI device. In someimplementations, a logical address can be assigned when an HDMI deviceis connected to system 200, when the HDMI device transitions from a“standby” state to an “on” state, etc.

In some implementations, each HDMI device that is in an “on” state andconnected to root device 202 can be assigned a unique logical address(or addresses) if possible. As described above, a logical addressassigned to an HDMI device can be based on functions that the device cancarry out. For example, root device 202 can be a digital television, andcan take logical address 0 indicating that digital television 202 is atelevision, having an output 204 which can include, e.g., a display,amplifiers, speakers, a projector, etc. As another example, HDMI device206 can be an audio-video receiver (AVR), and can take logical address 5indicating that AVR 206 is an audio system. As yet another example, HDMIdevice 208 can be a digital media receiver (e.g., a computing device forpresenting audio and/or video information from various sources, such as:a remote content server; a network attached storage; a second computingdevice connected over a local or non-local data network), and can takelogical address 4 indicating that digital media receiver 208 is aplayback device (note that digital media receiver 208 is sometimesreferred to herein as DMR 208 or receiver 208). As still anotherexample, HDMI device 210 can be a set-top box, and can take logicaladdress 3 indicating that set-top box 210 has a tuner.

In some implementations, system 200 can include various HDMI devices,such as an HDMI switch 212, which can have physical address 1.2.0.0(e.g., indicating that HDMI switch 212 is connected to the second inputof a device connected to the first input of television 202, havingphysical address 0.0.0.0), and logical address 15 (e.g., indicating thatHDMI switch 212 is acting as a switch without other functions, and thusis an unregistered device). Note that, in some implementations, eachlogical address may only be assigned to a single physical address,except that logical address 15 can be assigned to multiple physicaladdresses. In some implementations, system 200 can further include: arecording device 214, which may have a tuner and a recording capability,and therefore can take logical addresses 1 and 6 if recording device 214exposes both functions of the device to system 200, and which can havephysical address 1.2.1.0 (e.g., indicating a position of recordingdevice 214 within the network of system 200); a non-CEC enabled HDMIdevice 216, such as a game console that does not comply with the CECstandard can have physical address 1.2.2.0, but may not be assigned alogical address because the device does not comply with the CECstandard; and an unidentified HDMI source 218, which can have physicaladdress 1.2.1.0 and logical address 15 (e.g., indicating that HDMIsource 218 is unregistered as a particular type of HDMI device).

In some implementations, various messages can be sent over the CEC busto control actions of CEC enabled devices connected to system 202. Forexample, a tuner of a first device connected to the CEC bus can becontrolled based on a message or messages received at the first devicefrom a second device connected to the CEC bus. As another example, atuner of a first device connected to the CEC bus can be controlled basedon a message or messages received at the first device from a seconddevice connected to the CEC bus. As yet another example, a power state(e.g., whether the device is in an “on” or “standby” state) of a firstdevice connected to the CEC bus can be controlled based on a message ormessages received at the first device from a second device connected tothe CEC bus. As still another example, a first device connected to theCEC bus can declare itself as the active device on the CEC bus and cancause the root device (and/or other devices) to present content (e.g.,audio and/or video content) supplied by the first device. As a furtherexample, a first device connected to the CEC bus can send a messageindicating a particular device on the bus to be set as the activesource, which may or may not be a CEC enabled device (e.g., a messagecan be sent indicating that a non-CEC enable device has been set as thesource).

In some implementations, any suitable message(s) that comply with theCEC standard can be sent and/or received over the CEC bus. For example,messages that correspond to remote control commands can be sent and/orreceived over the CEC bus. Such messages can include a particular remotecontrol command, such as play, pause, mute, volume up, volume down,channel up, channel down, menu, etc.

In some implementations, a remote control command can be included in a<User Control Pressed> CEC message, which can include an operandcorresponding to a particular remote control command to be passed toanother device. In some implementations, such a <User Control Pressed>message can be sent to a particular physical address and/or logicaladdress (e.g., a physical address and/or logical address of an activedevice). Additionally, when a remote control command has ended (or atany other appropriate time, such as prior to the device that sent theoriginal message going into a standby mode), a <User Control Released>message can be sent to a device to which a <User Control Pressed>message was sent. When the device receives a <User Control Released>message, it can respond accordingly. For example, if a <User ControlPressed> message was received indicating that a volume up command wasissued by a remote control of a device (or based on a button press atthe device) that is the source of audio (or from a root device, such asa digital television), a receiving device can respond by increasing avolume level until a <User Control Released> message is received (or apredetermined time has passed). In a more particular example, if set-topbox 210 is outputting audio and video data as the active device ofsystem 200, in which audio data is being presented by A/V receiver 206(e.g., through an alternative connection between digital television 202and A/V receiver 206, such as an optical audio link, RCA audioconnection, coaxial connection, etc.) while video data is beingpresented by digital television 202, a remote control command orcommands received at set-top box 210 can be sent to digital television202 and/or A/V receiver 206. In such an example, a volume up commandreceived by set-top box 210 can be sent to A/V receiver 206 using a<User Control Pressed> message on the CEC bus. After sending such amessage, set-top box 210 can cause a <Give Audio Status> message(described below) to be sent to A/V receiver 206, and can receive a<Report Audio Status> message (described below) from A/V receiver 206indicating a current volume level. Such information can be used to causea current volume level to be displayed to a user (e.g., as a volume bar)by set-top box 210 or digital television 202 (e.g., set-top box 210 canpass on the volume level received from the A/V receiver, the <ReportAudio Status> message can be received at digital television 202, etc.).

In some implementations, a system audio control feature can be initiatedto allow an audio amplifier connected to a root device (e.g., using anysuitable connection, such as an optical audio connection, RCA audioconnection, etc.) to present audio for a source of video being presentedby the root device (e.g., audio from an active source can be presentedusing speakers connected to the amplifier). For example, a <System AudioMode Request> message can be sent to the amplifier device on the CECbus, and the amplifier can begin presenting such audio using anysuitable input channel (e.g., an HDMI input channel, a fiber optic inputchannel, etc.). In a more particular example, referring to FIG. 2, ifthe system audio control feature is utilized, audio data being output byreceiver 208 can be presented by A/V receiver 206, while video databeing output by receiver 208 can be presented by digital television 202.In some implementations, during use of such a system audio controlfeature an audio output from the root device can be inhibited (e.g.,muted), such that audio is only presented by the amplifier. In suchimplementations, audio control commands (e.g., volume up, volume down,mute, etc.) can be sent over the CEC bus to the amplifier. In someimplementations, such audio control commands can be included in a <UserControl Pressed> message based on a command received from a remotecontrol of the device that is the source of the audio, received from aremote control of the root device, received locally at a device that isthe source of the audio or the root device (e.g., such as receiving abutton press at such a device), etc.

In some implementations, a volume level of audio output of a device(e.g., digital television 202, A/V receiver 206, etc.) can be requestedby sending a <Give Audio Status> message on the CEC bus (e.g., to thephysical address and/or logical address of the device presenting theaudio). In response to receiving a <Give Audio Status> message, a devicecan reply with a <Report Audio Status> message on the CEC bus thatspecifies a current audio status of the device (e.g., a level betweenzero and 127, whether the audio is muted, etc.).

In some implementations, a second screen device 220 can be used tocontrol presentation of audio and/or video by a device, such as an HDMIdevice in system 200. For example, second screen device 220 can connectto a device using a network, such as communication network 230(described in more detail in connection with FIG. 6), and can be used tocontrol content to be displayed on the connected device, controlplayback of such content by the device, control a volume at which thecontent is to be presented, etc.

In some implementations, an application running on the second screendevice can cause a connection to be established between the secondscreen device and a device running a corresponding application forreceiving commands from the second screen device. For example, secondscreen device 220 can run an application for controlling set-top box210. In such an example, upon the application for controlling set-topbox 210 starting (e.g., launching, being initiated by a user, etc.), itcan cause a connection to be established between second screen device220 and set-top box 210 (e.g., represented in FIG. 2 by dashed lines)using communication network 230. Commands can then be sent from secondscreen device 220 over such a connection to control operation of set-topbox 210. For example, a command can be sent by second screen device 220to tune to a particular channel, or to change a volume level. Asdescribed above, if a command is received to change a volume level, sucha command can be passed on to a device presenting audio data outputtedby set-top box 210 (e.g., digital television 202 or A/V receiver 206) asa <User Command Pressed> message on the CEC bus, including an operandcorresponding to the action to be performed (e.g., volume up).

In some implementations, second screen device 220 can be used to controlany suitable device, such as set-top box 210 (e.g., as described above),receiver 208, digital television 202, etc. Each device that can becontrolled can run an application for establishing a connection withsecond screen device 220 and/or receiving commands from second screendevice 220. Such commands can be received using any suitabletechnique(s). For example, second screen device 220 can have an infraredtransmitter for transmitting codes that correspond to codes used by aremote control of the device (e.g., second screen device 220 can act asa universal remote control). As another example, second screen device220 can transmit messages including commands to be carried out by thedevice (e.g., receiver 208) using any suitable encoding. Such commandscan be encoded by an application running on second screen device 220 anddecoded and/or interpreted by a corresponding application running on thedevice to be controlled.

In some implementations, a user interface of second screen device 220can include a user interface element for changing a playback volume ofaudio being presented by a first screen device (e.g., digital television202, receiver 208, set-top box 210, etc.). Such a volume control caninclude traditional volume controls, such as discrete buttons forissuing commands for volume up and/or volume down, or non-traditionalvolume controls, such as a slider for receiving any suitable volumelevel as an input from a user, a spinner for receiving volume controlinputs through a gesture, a text entry user interface element forreceiving any suitable volume level (e.g., as a value from 0-100%), etc.

Turning to FIG. 4, an example 400 of a process for controlling a volumelevel of an HDMI audio device is shown in accordance with someimplementations of the disclosed subject matter. Such a process can beused to control a volume level of an HDMI audio system to change thevolume to a level specified by a second screen device. For example,process 400 can be used to determine a requested volume level (e.g.,based on the position of a volume control slider), and control a volumelevel of an HDMI audio system that is presenting content (e.g., system200) such that a current volume level is brought to the requested volumelevel. In a more particular example, a device executing process 400(e.g., receiver 208) can receive a requested volume level from a secondscreen device (e.g., second screen device 220), and can execute process400 in order to set the volume level of the HDMI audio system (e.g.,digital television 202 and/or A/V receiver 206 in system 200) based onthe requested volume level using CEC messages. In some implementations,receiver 208 may only respond to volume level requests from a connectedsecond screen device in cases where receiver 208 is the active device insystem 200 (e.g., when audio and/or video output by receiver 208 isbeing presented by a device in system 200 such as digital television 202and/or A/V receiver 206) and/or in cases where receiver 208 isoutputting audio and/or video data.

In some implementations, process 400 can start in response to receivinga requested volume level from a second screen device. The requestedvolume level can be received as a particular level (e.g., requestedvolume level is: twenty percent of maximum volume; a particular value ofvolume level; etc.), or as a requested change in level (e.g., requestedvolume level is: ten percent reduction/increase in volume based oncurrent volume level; ten percentage point reduction/increase in volumebased on maximum volume; a reduction/increase of fifteen steps in volumelevel; etc.).

At 402, after receiving a requested volume level, process 400 candetermine a current system volume of a device that is currently beingused to provide an audio output. For example, receiver 208 can receive arequested volume level from second screen device 220, and in responserequest a current volume level of system 200 by sending a <Give AudioStatus> message on the CEC bus. In some implementations, such a messagecan be addressed to a particular device that is currently presentingaudio (e.g., A/V receiver 206, digital television 202, etc.), can bebroadcast to all devices on the CEC bus, can be sent to the root device(e.g., digital television 202) by rule, which can in turn determine acurrent volume of system 200, or any other suitable technique(s) fordetermining a current volume level of the HDMI audio system, etc. Insome implementations, a current system volume can be determined based ona cached value of the current system volume. For example, after a volumelevel has been changed (e.g., after process 400 has been completed), thecurrent system volume can be saved, to be used in another volume changeoperation.

In some implementations, the device executing process 400 can receive anaudio status of the HDMI audio system as a response to the messagerequesting the current audio status. For example, receiver 208 canreceive a <Report Audio Status> message on the CEC bus that includes acurrent audio level of a device outputting audio (e.g., digitaltelevision 202 and/or A/V receiver 206) in system 200. In someimplementations, a <Report Audio Status> message can include a currentvolume level and/or a current mute status of the audio output.Additionally, in some implementations, the current volume level can beconveyed using any suitable technique(s). For example, the currentvolume level can be conveyed as a binary value from zero to 127 (e.g.,from 0000000 and 1111111), or any other suitable technique(s) forconveying the audio level.

At 404, process 400 can determine a change in volume (e.g., Δ(Volume))to be executed by process 400 based on the determined current volumelevel and the received requested volume level. Any suitable technique(s)can be used to determine the change in volume level. For example, adifference between the current volume level and the requested volumelevel can be found to determine the change in volume to be executed byprocess 400. In some implementations, the requested volume level and/orthe current volume level can be converted, if necessary, to make thecurrent volume level and the requested volume level directly comparable.For example, if the requested volume level is received as a percentageof a maximum volume and the current volume level is given as a binarynumber between 0 and 127, the requested volume level can be converted toa binary number between 0 and 127 based on the requested percentage ofmaximum. Alternatively, if the requested volume level is given as apercentage change or percentage point change in volume, the change involume determined at 402 can be based on the requested change and thecurrent volume level. In a more particular example, if the currentvolume level is reported as 64 (e.g., 1000000 as a binary number), andthe requested change in volume is a reduction of ten percent, the changein volume determined at 404 can be a change of 6 steps (e.g., 6.4 is tenpercent of 64, rounded down to 6). In such an example, the requestedvolume can be determined to be 58, and the change can be determined tobe negative six.

At 406, process 400 can determine a direction of change of volume basedon the current volume level and the requested volume level. For example,process 400 can determine whether the requested volume equates to anincrease from the current volume level or a decrease from the currentvolume level (or no change). As another example, if a requested changein volume from the second screen device is a percent reduction orincrease in volume, the sign of the change can be determined (e.g., arequest to reduce the volume corresponds to volume down, and viceversa). In a more particular example, the direction of change (e.g.,volume up or volume down) can be based on a sign of the differencebetween the requested volume and the current volume (e.g., a sign ofΔ(Volume)). In such an example, a negative sign can equate to a requestto decrease the volume and a positive sign can equate to a request toincrease the volume.

At 408, process 400 can determine if the requested change in volume isequal to zero. For example, process 400 can determine whether therequested volume is equal to the current volume of the HDMI system asreported in a <Report Audio Status> message received on the CEC bus. Insome implementations, if the difference is equal to zero it can indicatethat no further changes to the system volume are required. If process400 determines that the change in volume (e.g., Δ(Volume)) is equal tozero (“YES” at 408), process 400 can proceed to 416 where process 400can end. Otherwise, if process 400 determines that the change in volume(e.g., Δ(Volume)) is not equal to zero (“NO” at 408), process 400 canproceed to 410.

At 410, process 400 can determine whether the current volume level hascrossed the requested volume level, based on an initially determinedvolume and/or an initially determined direction for changing the volume.In some implementations, the current volume level can be considered tohave crossed the requested volume level if the volume is set to increase(e.g., the requested volume level was higher than the initiallydetermined volume level) and the current volume level is larger than therequested volume level, and vice versa. For example, if the requestedvolume is sixty and the initial current volume is forty, the currentvolume level has crossed the requested volume if the current volume isgreater than sixty. As another example, if the direction of the changedetermined at 406 is negative (e.g., the requested volume level equatesto a decrease in volume as compared to an initial current volume level),and the current volume level is less than the requested volume, thecurrent volume level has crossed the requested volume level. If process400 determines that the current volume has crossed the requested volume(“YES” at 410), process 400 can proceed to 416 where process 400 canend. Otherwise, if process 400 determines that the current volume levelhas not crossed the requested volume (“NO” at 410), process 400 canproceed to 412.

In some implementations, if the difference between the requested volumelevel and the current volume level is greater than a predetermineddifference (e.g., greater than one, greater than two, etc.), process 400can skip 410 based on the current volume level having overshot therequested volume level. In such implementations, the volume level can bechanged back toward the requested volume level (e.g., the direction ofchange can be switched).

At 412, process 400 can determine whether a volume control threshold hasbeen exceeded. In some implementations, the volume control threshold canbe any suitable value. For example, the volume control threshold can beused to inhibit the volume from being changed more than a predeterminedamount (e.g., ten steps, ten percentage points of the maximum volume,five steps, five percentage points of the maximum volume, five percentof the current volume, etc.) during any given execution of process 400.Such a volume control threshold can be based on the current volume, andcan be different based on whether the requested change is to increasethe volume or to decrease the volume (e.g., the allowed amount of volumedecrease may be greater than the allowed amount of volume increase). Ina more particular example, the volume control threshold can be a valuesuch as ten, which can be used to inhibit the volume from being changedmore than ten steps. In another more particular example, the volumecontrol threshold can be ten steps in the positive direction (e.g.,volume up) but not limited in the negative direction (e.g., volumedown). That is, any volume level below the current volume level can bespecified in such an example, but the volume can only be increased by amaximum of the predetermined number of steps. If process 400 determinesthat the volume control threshold has been exceeded (“YES” at 412),process 400 can proceed to 416 where process 400 can end. Otherwise, ifprocess 400 determines the volume control threshold has not beenexceeded (“NO” at 412), process 400 can proceed to 414.

At 414, process 400 can cause a volume change request to be sent on theCEC bus based on the direction of change determined at 406. For example,a device running process 400 can send a <User Control Pressed> messageon the CEC bus with volume up as an operand in cases where the directionof change is positive or vice versa. In a more particular example,receiver 208 can send a <User Control Pressed> message on the CEC buswith volume up as an operand in response to receiving a request toincrease the playback volume of audio being presented from receiver 208.In some implementations, after a predetermined time, the deviceexecuting process 400 can send a <User Control Released> message on theCEC bus, which can indicate that a change in volume carried out inresponse to the <User Control Pressed> message is to be ceased. In someimplementations, process 400 can loop back to 402 and determine acurrent system volume after the volume has been changed. Process 400 cancontinue to execute 402-414 until one of the conditions at 408-412 ismet and process 400 is ended at 416.

FIG. 5A shows an example of a second screen device presenting a volumeslider that can be used with the mechanisms described herein forcontrolling a volume level of an HDMI audio system using a second screendevice in accordance with some implementations of the disclosed subjectmatter. In the example of FIG. 5A, second screen device 220 can presenta user interface including various controls 502-506 for controllingplayback of media content (e.g., audio and/or video data) on digitaltelevision 202 using a display 500, which can be a touchscreen display.The user interface can further include a volume slider 508 that canindicate a current volume level being output by an amplifier used topresent audio of the media content being presented (e.g., an amplifierincluded in digital television 202, an amplifier included in A/Vreceiver 206 which is not shown in FIG. 5A, etc.). In someimplementations, volume slider 508 can also set a requested volume levelbased on a position of volume slider 508 along a bar corresponding tothe volume of the HDMI audio system. In some implementations, arequested volume level can be sent from second screen device 220 to anHDMI device to be controlled (e.g., receiver 208). For example, if auser moves slider 508 along the bar that indicates volume, anapplication running on second screen device 220 can cause an instructionto be sent to receiver 208 to change the volume of the HDMI audio system(e.g., volume output by A/V receiver 206, digital television 202, etc.)to a requested volume level based on the new position of slider 508. Insuch an example, receiver 208 can receive the requested volume levelfrom second screen device 220 and execute process 400 to cause the HDMIsystem volume to be adjusted to coincide with the requested volumelevel.

In some implementations, a position of slider 508 can be restrictedbased on a current position, such that a requested volume cannot be setthat would cause a change in volume greater than a threshold (e.g., thevolume control threshold described above in connection with FIG. 4).Additionally or alternatively, a rate of change of the location ofslider 508 can be reactive based on a direction of change and/or adifference between a current position of slider 508 and an initialposition of slider 508. For example, as a user moves slider 508 (e.g.,by touching touchscreen 500 at a position corresponding to slider 508)in a direction that corresponds to increased volume, the speed at whichslider 508 moves can decrease as slider 508 moves farther from theinitial position of slider 508.

In some implementations, a current volume (e.g., as determined at 402)can be presented using a volume bar 510 displayed on display 204 ofdigital television 202. Such a current volume bar can be updated eachtime the current volume is determined at 402, and can be presented bydigital television 202 as an overlay on content being presented by theHDMI device being controlled by second screen device 220 (e.g., digitaltelevision 202 can use a volume level in a <Report Audio Status> messageto determine the current volume) or by the HDMI device being controlledby second screen device 220 as part of video data sent to digitaltelevision 202 (e.g., receiver 208 can use a volume level in a <ReportAudio Status> message to determine the current volume, and include avolume bar 510 in video data sent using the HDMI connection betweenreceiver 208 and digital television 202).

FIG. 5B shows an example of a second screen device with a volume spinnerthat can be used with the mechanisms described herein for controlling avolume level of an HDMI audio system using a second screen device inaccordance with some implementations of the disclosed subject matter. Inthe example of FIG. 5B, second screen device 220 can present a userinterface including various controls 502-506 for controlling playback ofmedia content (e.g., audio and/or video data) on digital television 202using a display 500, which can be a touchscreen display. The userinterface can further include a volume spinner 520 that can receive aninput of a requested volume change based on a gesture(s) received atvolume spinner 520. In some implementations, a requested volume levelcan be sent from second screen device 220 to an HDMI device to becontrolled (e.g., receiver 208). For example, if an input is received attouchscreen 500 corresponding to volume spinner 520 and the inputproceeds to correspond to a gesture over volume spinner 520 in aclockwise motion, an application running on second screen device 220 cancause an instruction to be sent to receiver 208 to increase the volumeof the HDMI audio system (e.g., volume output by A/V receiver 206,digital television 202, etc.) a predetermined amount based on the speedof the user's gesture and/or the amount of revolutions of volume spinner520 completed by the user. In such an example, receiver 208 can receivethe requested volume change from second screen device 220 and executeprocess 400 to cause the HDMI audio system volume to be adjusted tocoincide with the requested volume change. In some implementations, acurrent volume level of the HDMI audio system can be presented to theuser by the second screen device as a volume indicator 522, or the like.

FIG. 6 shows an example 600 of a schematic diagram of hardware that canbe used to implement digital television 202, digital media receiver 208,and second screen device 220 depicted in FIG. 2, in accordance with someimplementations of the disclosed subject matter. As illustrated, system600 can include digital television 202, digital media receiver 208, andsecond screen device 220. Note that digital media receiver 208 is merelyshown as an example of a device that can be utilized with the mechanismsdescribed herein, and it is understood that any other suitable devicecan be connected to the CEC bus and can use the mechanisms describedherein for controlling audio of an HDMI system.

Digital media receiver 208 can be connected by an HDMI connection 602 todigital television 202. Note that the two lines 106 and 114 are shownbetween digital media receiver 208 and digital television 202 as part ofHDMI connection 602, where line 106 (e.g., the TMDS channels) isunidirectional indicating that audio and/or video flows only fromdigital media receiver 208 to digital television 202, while line 114(e.g., the CEC line) is bi-directional indicating that ancillary signals(e.g., the CEC messages on the CEC line/bus) can flow in bothdirections. HDMI connection 602 can be any suitable HDMI connection,which can include HDMI switches, or any other suitable hardware and/orsoftware for causing audio and/or video output by digital media receiver208 to be sent to digital television 202.

In some implementations, digital media receiver 208 can be connected bya communication link 604 to a communications network 230 that can belinked via a communications link 608 to second screen device 220.

In some implementations, digital television 202, digital media receiver208, and second screen device 220 can be any of a general purpose devicesuch as a computer or a special purpose device such as a client, aserver, a television, etc. Any of these general or special purposedevices can include any suitable components such as a hardware processor(which can be a microprocessor, digital signal processor, a controller,etc.), memory, communication interfaces, display controllers, inputdevices, etc. For example, digital media receiver 208 can be implementedas a computer for receiving media content from a remote source andoutputting such media content to a presentation device such as atelevision, a smartphone, a tablet computer, a wearable computer, apersonal computer, a laptop computer, a gaming console, a set-top box, asmart television, a server, etc. As another example, second screendevice 220 can be implemented as a smartphone, a tablet computer, awearable computer, a personal computer, a laptop computer, etc.

Communications network 230 can be any suitable computer network orcombination of such networks including the Internet, an intranet, awide-area network (WAN), a local-area network (LAN), a wireless network,a digital subscriber line (DSL) network, a frame relay network, anasynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network, a virtual private network(VPN), etc. Communications links 604 and 608 can be any communicationslinks suitable for communicating data among digital media receiver 208and second screen device 220 such as network links, dial-up links,wireless links, hard-wired links, any other suitable communicationslinks, or any suitable combination of such links.

In some implementations, digital television 202 can include a hardwareprocessor 612, a display/input device 614, memory 616, and atransmitter/receiver 618, which can be interconnected. In someimplementations, memory 616 can include a storage device (such as anon-transitory computer-readable medium) for storing a computer programfor controlling hardware processor 612.

Hardware processor 612 can use the computer program to present ondisplay/input device 614 audio and/or video data received from digitalmedia receiver 208 and/or an interface that allows a user to, amongother things, cause media content to be presented on display/inputdevice 614 from digital media receiver 208 or any other suitable device,including from an internal tuner of digital television 202. It shouldalso be noted that data received through HDMI connection 602 or anyother communications links can be received from any suitable source. Insome implementations, hardware processor 612 can send and receive datathrough HDMI connection 602 or any other communication links using, forexample, a transmitter, receiver, transmitter/receiver, transceiver, orany other suitable communication device, such as transmitter/receiver618. Display/input device 614 can include a touchscreen, a flat paneldisplay, a cathode ray tube display, a projector, a speaker or speakers,and/or any other suitable display and/or presentation devices, and canfurther include a remote control, a computer keyboard, a computer mouse,a microphone, a touchpad, a voice recognition circuit, a touch interfaceof a touchscreen, and/or any other suitable input device.Transmitter/receiver 618 can include any suitable transmitter and/orreceiver for transmitting and/or receiving, among other things, mediacontent including audio and/or video content, which can include HDMIinputs (e.g., for receiving audio and/or video, receiving and/or sendingCEC messages, etc.), an internal tuner, other analog or digital audioand/or video inputs/outputs (e.g., coaxial cable inputs and/or outputs,RCA inputs and/or outputs, component video inputs/outputs, any othersuitable analog and/or digital outputs, or any suitable combinationthereof), data inputs and/or outputs (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi, cellulardata, etc.), or any suitable combination thereof.

Digital media receiver 208 can include a hardware processor 622, adisplay/input device 624, memory 626, and a transmitter/receiver 628,which can be interconnected. In some implementations, memory 626 caninclude a storage device (such as a non-transitory computer-readablemedium) for storing a computer program for controlling hardwareprocessor 622.

Hardware processor 622 can use the computer program to provide audioand/or video data (e.g., receiver from remote content source 610) totransmitter/receiver 628 to be sent to digital television 202 over HDMIconnection 602. It should also be noted that data received throughcommunications link 604 or any other communications links can bereceived from any suitable source. In some implementations, hardwareprocessor 622 can send and receive data through HDMI connection 602,communications link 604 or any other communication links using, forexample, a transmitter, receiver, transmitter/receiver, transceiver, orany other suitable communication device, such as transmitter/receiver628. Display/input device 624 can include a remote control, a computerkeyboard, a computer mouse, a microphone, a touchpad, a voicerecognition circuit, a touch interface of a touchscreen, and/or anyother suitable input device, and can further include a touchscreen, aflat panel display, a cathode ray tube display, a projector, a speakeror speakers, and/or any other suitable display and/or presentationdevices. Transmitter/receiver 628 can include any suitable transmitterand/or receiver for transmitting and/or receiving, among other things,media content including audio and/or video content, which can includeHDMI inputs and/or outputs (e.g., for sending and/or receiving audioand/or video, sending and/or receiving CEC messages, etc.), an internaltuner, any other analog or digital audio and/or video inputs/outputs(e.g., coaxial cable inputs and/or outputs, RCA inputs and/or outputs,component video inputs/outputs, any other suitable analog and/or digitaloutputs, or any suitable combination thereof), data inputs and/oroutputs (e.g., Ethernet, Wi-Fi, cellular data, etc., for receivingaudio, video, or any other data over, for example, communication link604), or any suitable combination thereof.

Second screen device 220 can include a hardware processor 632, adisplay/input device 634, memory 636, and a transmitter/receiver 628,which can be interconnected. In some implementations, memory 636 caninclude a storage device for storing data received throughcommunications link 608 or through other links. The storage device (suchas a non-transitory computer-readable medium) can further include acomputer program for controlling hardware processor 632.

Hardware processor 632 can use the computer program to communicate withdigital media receiver 208, as well as provide media content to receiver208 and/or cause media content to be presented by receiver 208, amongother things. In some implementations, hardware processor 632 can sendand receive data through communications link 608 or any othercommunications links using, for example, a transmitter, receiver,transmitter/receiver, transceiver, or any other suitable communicationdevice, such as transmitter/receiver 638. In some implementations,hardware processor 632 can receive commands and/or values transmitted byone or more devices, such as digital media receiver 208, and can presenta user interface corresponding to such commands and/or values.Display/input device 634 can include a touchscreen, a flat paneldisplay, a cathode ray tube display, a projector, a speaker or speakers,and/or any other suitable display and/or presentation devices, and canfurther include a computer keyboard, a computer mouse, a microphone, atouchpad, a voice recognition circuit, a touch interface of atouchscreen, and/or any other suitable input device. In someimplementations, display/input device 634 can be include display 500 ofFIGS. 5A-B, and can be used to present a user interface for receivinginputs from a user. Such inputs can be used to transmit commands todigital media receiver 208 (or any other suitable device) forcontrolling presentation of media content by such device.Transmitter/receiver 618 can include any suitable transmitter and/orreceiver for transmitting and/or receiving, among other things, commandsand/or values used for controlling an audio level of an HDMI systemusing inputs received on a display/input device 634.

It is understood that, although system 600 is described as includingdigital media receiver 208, digital television 202, and second screendevice 220, such system can include any suitable devices which canutilize the mechanisms described herein for controlling a volume levelof an HDMI audio system. For example, any suitable device described inconnection with FIG. 2 can be used in conjunction with a second screendevice (e.g., second screen device 220), to control a volume level of anHDMI audio system. As another example, any suitable device can utilizethe mechanisms described herein to control a volume level of an HDMIaudio system using an input corresponding to a non-traditional volumeinput (e.g., a volume slider rather than discrete volume up and/or downbuttons).

In some implementations, any suitable computer readable media can beused for storing instructions for performing the functions and/orprocesses described herein. For example, in some implementations,computer readable media can be transitory or non-transitory. Forexample, non-transitory computer readable media can include media suchas magnetic media (such as hard disks, floppy disks, etc.), opticalmedia (such as compact discs, digital video discs, Blu-ray discs, etc.),semiconductor media (such as flash memory, electrically programmableread only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read onlymemory (EEPROM), etc.), any suitable media that is not fleeting ordevoid of any semblance of permanence during transmission, and/or anysuitable tangible media. As another example, transitory computerreadable media can include signals on networks, in wires, conductors,optical fibers, circuits, any suitable media that is fleeting and devoidof any semblance of permanence during transmission, and/or any suitableintangible media.

It should be understood that the above described steps of the processesof FIG. 4 can be executed or performed in any order or sequence notlimited to the order and sequence shown and described in the figures.Also, some of the above steps of the processes of FIG. 4 can be executedor performed substantially simultaneously where appropriate or inparallel to reduce latency and processing times.

It should also be noted that, as used herein, the term mechanism canencompass hardware, software, firmware, or any suitable combinationthereof.

Accordingly, methods, systems, and media for controlling a volume levelof an HDMI audio system using a second screen device are provided.

Although the invention has been described and illustrated in theforegoing illustrative implementations, it is understood that thepresent disclosure has been made only by way of example, and thatnumerous changes in the details of implementation of the invention canbe made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention,which is limited only by the claims that follow. Features of thedisclosed implementations can be combined and rearranged in variousways.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for controlling audio volume, the methodcomprising: receiving, at a hardware processor of a first device, arequested volume level from a second device over a wireless network; andin response to receiving the requested volume level, controlling, usingthe hardware processor of the first device, a presentation volume levelof a third device by: (a) determining a current presentation volumelevel of the third device; (b) determining a requested change in volumelevel based on a difference between the requested volume level and thecurrent presentation volume level; (c) determining a direction in whichto cause the presentation volume level to change based on the requestedchange in volume; (d) sending a volume control message to the thirddevice using a consumer electronic control bus connected to the thirddevice, wherein the volume control message indicates whether to increaseor decrease the presentation volume level based on the determineddirection in which to cause the presentation volume to change; (e)subsequent to (d), determining an updated current presentation volumelevel of the third device; (f) determining an updated requested changein volume based on a difference between the requested volume level andthe updated current presentation volume level; (g) determining anupdated direction in which to cause the presentation volume level tochange based on the updated requested change in volume; and (h) inresponse to determining the updated direction, sending an updated volumecontrol message to the third device using the consumer electroniccontrol bus, wherein the updated volume control message indicateswhether to increase or decrease the presentation volume level based onthe determined updated direction in which to cause the presentationvolume to change.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprisingdetermining that the updated requested change in volume is greater thana volume control threshold that is a predetermined amount greater thanor less than an initially determined current presentation volume.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the volume control threshold is a value atwhich the updated current presentation volume is determined to havecrossed from one side of the requested volume level to the other side ofthe requested volume level.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein a valuethat represents the requested volume level is a percentage of a maximumvolume of the third device.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein a valuethat represents the requested volume level is a percentage change in thevolume from the current volume level.
 6. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising establishing a wireless connection with the second devicethrough which the requested volume level is received from the seconddevice.
 7. A system for controlling audio volume, the system comprising:a hardware processor of a first device that is programmed to: receive arequested volume level from a second device over a wireless network; andin response to receiving the requested volume level, control apresentation volume level of a third device by: (a) determining acurrent presentation volume level of the third device; (b) determining arequested change in volume level based on a difference between therequested volume level and the current presentation volume level; (c)determining a direction in which to cause the presentation volume levelto change based on the requested change in volume; (d) sending a volumecontrol message to the third device using a consumer electronic controlbus connected to the third device, wherein the volume control messageindicates whether to increase or decrease the presentation volume levelbased on the determined direction in which to cause the presentationvolume to change; (e) subsequent to (d), determining an updated currentpresentation volume level of the third device; (f) determining anupdated requested change in volume based on a difference between therequested volume level and the updated current presentation volumelevel; (g) determining an updated direction in which to cause thepresentation volume level to change based on the updated requestedchange in volume; and (h) in response to determining the updateddirection, sending an updated volume control message to the third deviceusing the consumer electronic control bus, wherein the updated volumecontrol message indicates whether to increase or decrease thepresentation volume level based on the determined updated direction inwhich to cause the presentation volume to change.
 8. The system of claim7, wherein the hardware processor is further programmed to determinethat the updated requested change in volume is greater than a volumecontrol threshold that is a predetermined amount greater than or lessthan an initially determined current presentation volume.
 9. The systemof claim 8, wherein the volume control threshold is a value at which theupdated current presentation volume is determined to have crossed fromone side of the requested volume level to the other side of therequested volume level.
 10. The system of claim 7, wherein a value thatrepresents the requested volume level is a percentage of a maximumvolume of the third device.
 11. The system of claim 7, wherein a valuethat represents the requested volume level is a percentage change in thevolume from the current volume level.
 12. The system of claim 7, whereinthe hardware processor is further programmed to establish a wirelessconnection with the second device through which the requested volumelevel is received from the second device.
 13. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium containing computer executable instructionsthat, when executed by a processor of a first device, cause theprocessor to perform a method for controlling audio volume, the methodcomprising: receiving a requested volume level from a second device overa wireless network; and in response to receiving the requested volumelevel, controlling a presentation volume level of a third device by: (a)determining a current presentation volume level of the third device; (b)determining a requested change in volume level based on a differencebetween the requested volume level and the current presentation volumelevel; (c) determining a direction in which to cause the presentationvolume level to change based on the requested change in volume; (d)sending a volume control message to the third device using a consumerelectronic control bus connected to the third device, wherein the volumecontrol message indicates whether to increase or decrease thepresentation volume level based on the determined direction in which tocause the presentation volume to change; (e) subsequent to (d),determining an updated current presentation volume level of the thirddevice; (f) determining an updated requested change in volume based on adifference between the requested volume level and the updated currentpresentation volume level; (g) determining an updated direction in whichto cause the presentation volume level to change based on the updatedrequested change in volume; and (h) in response to determining theupdated direction, sending an updated volume control message to thethird device using the consumer electronic control bus, wherein theupdated volume control message indicates whether to increase or decreasethe presentation volume level based on the determined updated directionin which to cause the presentation volume to change.
 14. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the methodfurther comprises determining that the updated requested change involume is greater than a volume control threshold that is apredetermined amount greater than or less than an initially determinedcurrent presentation volume.
 15. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 14, wherein the volume control threshold is a value atwhich the updated current presentation volume is determined to havecrossed from one side of the requested volume level to the other side ofthe requested volume level.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 13, wherein a value that represents the requested volumelevel is a percentage of a maximum volume of the third device.
 17. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein a valuethat represents the requested volume level is a percentage change in thevolume from the current volume level.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the method furthercomprises establishing the wireless connection with the second devicethrough which the requested volume level is received from the seconddevice.